An application of principal component analysis for pre- harvest forecast model for rice crop based on biometrical characters

Annu1*, B.V.S. Sisodia1 and V. N. Rai1

1Department of Agricultural Statistics, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229 (U.P.), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: annustat@gmail.com

Received: September 11, 2015; Revised received: April 18, 2016; Accepted: July 05, 2016

Abstract An application of principal component analysis for the development of suitable statistical models for pre-harvest forecast of rice yield based on biometrical characters has been dealt with in the present paper. The data obtained from the two experiments on rice have been utilised to develop the model. The forecast yields of based on these models have been found to be 24.25, 22.60 and 21.10 q/ha against the actual yield of 28.00, 23.56 and 21.85 q/ha, respectively, in experiment –I. For experiment –II the forecast yields were found to be 24.62, 28.06 and 29.43 q/ha against the actual yield of 28.82, 29.31 and 26.59 q/ha, respectively. These forecast yields are subject to maxi-mum of almost 10 percent standard error. In most of the cases, the forecast yields were found to be close to the actual yield except in some cases. The values of R2, i.e. 79.80 and 72.60 for experiment –I and II, respectively, indi-cate the validity of the models. Statistical tool like viz. principal component analysis (PCA) has been first time ap-plied to develop pre-harvest forecast model based on experimental data.

Keywords: Biometrical characters, Pre-harvest forecast model, Principal component Analysis, Rice experiment

Management of false wire worm, Gonocephalum beetle (Tenebrionidae: coleoptera) in chickpea raised under residual moisture conditions

R. M. Wadaskar* and A.N. Patil

Pulses Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola- 444104 (Maharashtra), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: rahulwadaskar@gmail.com

Received: January 05, 2016; Revised received: April 27, 2016; Accepted: July 08, 2016

Abstract: False wire worm, Gonocephalum indicum, incidence was observed for the first time in severe form in Rabi 2008-09 on chickpea, confined to saline tracts of Vidarbha (MS). Gonocephalum adults inflicts injury near collar re-gion of chickpea resulting in collapsing and drying of plants translating into re-sowing of crop due to poor plant stand. Field study revealed 5.8 – 32.3% damaged plants with lowest damage in Module 9 (Seed treatment with clothianidin 2 gm/kg seed + spaying of chlorpyriphos 2 ml/liter water 20 days after crop emergence), Module 10 (Application of phorate granules 10 kg/ha at sowing + spraying of chlorpyriphos 2 ml/liter water 20 days after crop emergence) and Module 11(Seed treatment with clothianidin 2 gm/kg seed + application of clothianidin granules 200 gm/ha 20 days after crop emergence) with 5.8, 6.2 and 8.7% affected plants. The % drying of plants due to injury was in the range of 4.3 – 21.6 % with lowest in Module 11, Module 10 and Module 9 with 4.3, 6.0 and 6.2 % drying of plants, respectively. Superiority of Module 9 (20.4 q/ha) and Module 11 (19.7 q/ha) was evident in yield, whereas, lowest yield was observed in control plot (13.2 q/ha). Module 9 and Module 11 registered higher net returns of Rs. 13887 and Rs. 9948 per ha, respectively, whereas, Module 9 and Module 10 had highest ICBR of 1: 6.0 indicating the suitability of modules in terms of bioefficacy and cost effectiveness for the management of Gonocephalum in problematic area.

Seasonal abundance and bio-efficacy of different insecticides against castor semilooper on castor

Yashdev Singh*, Balbir Singh, S. P. Singh and Suman Devi

Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: ydev70@gmail.com

Received: August 30, 2015; Revised received: May 19, 2016; Accepted: July 23, 2016

Abstract: The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana (India). The larvae of castor semilooper remain active from 30th stan-dard weeks to 47th standard weeks. The maximum larval population was recorded on the 32th standard week (6.1 larvae per plant) and 38th standard meteorological weeks (6.2 larvae per plant) due the high rainfall, 158 and 120 mm, during these weeks, respectively. Correlation indicates that minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall exhibited a positive relationship (r- 0.588, 0.577 and 0.650) with the larval population. Bio-efficacy of four insecticides with different doses was tested against A. janata infesting castor crop. One day after spraying thiodicarb @ 468 g proved best toxicant followed by thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 11.2 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, qui-nalphos @ 250 g, quinalphos @ 200 g, novaluron @ 100 g and novaluron @ 75 g. At three days after spraying, it was found that novaluron @ 100 g was the most effective followed by novaluron @ 75 g, thiodicarb @ 468 g, del-tamethrin @ 11.2 g, thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, quinalphos @ 250 g and quinalphos @ 200 g. At seven days after spraying novaluron @ 100 g proved to be best toxicant followed by novaluron @ 75 g, thiodicarb @ 468 g, thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 11.2 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, quinalphos @ 250 g and quinalphos @ 200 g. Novaluron 100 g was the overall most effective with 75.97 mean per cent reduction in larval population.

Keywords- Achaea janata L., Abundance, Chemical control, Incidence

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Bud take success, growth and foliage characters of different Prunus cultivars on Myrocal and Julior clonal rootstock

Ritu Sharma* and Amit Kumar1

Division of Fruit Science, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230 (HP), INDIA

1Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar- 190 025 (J&K), INDIA

*Corresponding author E-mail: reet_libra21@yahoo.co.in

Received: September 02, 2015; Revised received: July 30, 2016; Accepted: July 23, 2016

Abstract: The present study determined the effect of clonal rootstock of Prunus and their graft compatibility with peach, plum and apricot cultivars. Prunus scion cultivars were tongue grafted on respective Prunus clonal rootstocks in the last week of January, 2006. The study indicated that with respect to graft success, Myrocal exhibited higher bud take with apricot (66.67 %) than plums (63.89 %) with 1.15 and 1.20 stock/scion ratio, respectively. Julior exhib-ited higher bud take with plums (91.77 %) than peaches (86.11%) with 1.10 and 1.07 stock/scion ratio, respectively, whereas, Julior exhibited higher bud take with plum (91.77 %) than peaches (86.11 %) with 1.10 and 1.07 stock/ scion ratio, respectively. Comparative studies indicate higher bud take of plum cvs Frontier (91.64 %) and Red Beaut (91.84%) on Julior as compared to Myrocal. Peach scion cultivars recorded more annual growth in terms of plant height (0.73 m) and plant spread (0.48 m x 0.62 m) than plum scion cultivars on Julior. Contrary to higher vig-our recorded in nectarine scions compared to peach scions grafted on Julior, annual growth has been observed to be higher in peaches than in nectarines. Comparative studies indicate plant height, plant spread, trunk girth, inter-nodal length and pruning weight of both plum cultivars to be higher on Myrocal than on Julior. With the present study, it is clear that Myrocal is more vigorous than Julior rootstock and both the rootstocks can be utilized for propagation with Prunus cultivars studied.

Keywords: Clonal rootstock, Foliage, Julior, Growth, Myrocal, Prunus

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Assessment of genetic diversity using DNA markers among Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson germplasm lines collected from Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand hills

Harsha1*, Jitendra Kumar Meena2, Ram Bhajan1, Usha Pant1 and Mohammed Talha1

1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G .B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S.Nagar-260314(Uttarakhand), INDIA

2 Division of Genetics, IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: harshrewasia325@gmail.com

Received: October 07, 2015; Revised received: May 10, 2016; Accepted: July 24, 2016

Abstract: The genetic diversity and the relatedness among thirty-one germplasm lines of yellow sarson collected from eastern UP were evaluated using morphological characters and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Molecular parameters viz. A total number of bands, average polymorphic band, average percent polymor-phism, average polymorphic information content (PIC), Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) and dendrogram generated using RAPD markers. A total of 148 different polymorphic amplification products were obtained using 10 selected decamer primers. The Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.557-0.899. Maxi-mum polymorphism detected was 100 %.The range of amplification was from 190bp to 9 kb. Some unique bands were also reported with different primers that can be used for the identification of particular accession. PYSC-11-11 and PYSC-11-36 genotypes showed a maximum number of unique loci of different size. 31 germplasm lines grouped into two major clusters I and II based on RAPD profiling. Morphological characterization was done on the basis of leaf, petal and beak characteristics. The similarity value among the germplasm lines ranged from 0.222 to 1.000 using morphological descriptors. The dendrogram generated grouped the germplasm accession into two ma-jor groups at 44% similarity value. The cluster analysis was comparable up to some extent with Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) of two and three-dimensional plots. The variability revealed by morphological and molecular profile were found to be non-comparable. This study indicated the presence of high genetic diversity among collected yel-low sarson germplasm, which could be used for developing for breeding and germplasm management purposes.

Keywords: Brassica rapa, Genetic diversity, PCA, RAPD

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Optimization of recipe for development of Aonla squash- A Response surface methodology approach

Akanksha Jain1*, Rakesh Gehlot2, Saleem Siddiqui3 and Mukesh R. Jangra4

1,2,3 Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCSHAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), INDIA

4Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Basic Sciences, CCSHAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail:akankshajain972@gmail.com

Received: October 09, 2015; Revised received: March 30, 2016; Accepted: July 25, 2016

Abstract: Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed for optimizing the recipe for development of Aonla squash with juice content (25 to 40%), acidity (1.00 to 1.10%) as independent variables and adjusting 50% total soluble solids. Thirteen different experimental combinations given by RSM design were used to investigate the effect of independent process variables on four product responses developed squash. RSM evaluated responses of the 13 squash recipes by second order quadratic equations and found that pH ranged from 2.69-3.00, ascorbic acid from 102-212 mg/100ml, browning from 0.428- 0.579 and overall acceptability scores from 6.25-7.75. ANOVA analysis showed that the product responses of beverages were significantly affected (at 5%) by changes in juice and acidity of the squash recipes. Overall acceptability scores of the beverage increased with the increase in proportion of juice content from 25 to 40%. The coefficient of determination i.e., R2 for all responses was higher than 0.95 and non-significant lack of fit was observed for all models; which was desirable. Through numerical optimization, standard-ized recipe selected by RSM for aonla squash was with 40% juice and 1% acidity getting highest desirability of 0.991. The pH, ascorbic acid, browning and overall acceptability for the optimum recipe predicted by the design were 2.96, 197.8 mg/100 ml, 0.557 and 7.7, respectively. Thus, present study was first in its kind to optimize aonla squash recipe by using RSM as a tool which gave advantage of not only selecting best recipe but also provided im-pression of the influence of ingredients used in squash’s preparation on its physico-chemical profile.

Keywords: Aonla squash, Central composite design, Optimization, Overall acceptability, RSM

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Studies on combining ability and gene action for yield and quality traits in Baby corn (Zea mays L.)

Hemlata Kumari1*, Nikhil Kumar2, Mukesh Kumar3 and Rashmi Kumari1

1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur- 813210 (Bihar), INDIA

2Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210 (Bihar), INDIA

3Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210 (Bihar), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: hemalata.sabour@gmail.com

Received: October 16, 2015; Revised received: May 11, 2016; Accepted: July 25, 2016

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to assess the combining ability and nature of gene action in baby corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes, by making crosses of eight inbred lines namely, HKI 3209, SML 1, EC 595979, CM 128, VQL 1, G 18 seq C5 F 76-2-2-1-1-2-BBB, HKI 209, in diallel mating design (without reciprocal crosses) by following Griffing Model–I and Method–II during rabi season 2013-14 at the experimental farm of BAC, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar). The crosses were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to assess the combining ability and nature of gene action. Based on general combining ability, parents CM 128 and VQL 1 were best parent for breeding programme for yield and quality improvement. The specific combining ability also indicates that hybrid CM128 x VQL1 was best specific combiner for baby corn yield (4.11q/ha), fodder yield (50.91q/ha) as well as for better quality. The crosses CM 128 x HKI 209 recorded the high mean (7.35%) and SCA effects (2.57 ºBrix) for qual-ity traits. The gene action analysis also revealed preponderance of non-additive gene action for yield and its contrib-uting characters.

Keywords: Baby corn, Combining ability, Gene action, Quality traits

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Heterosis in single cross inter and intra-specific hybrids of Desi cotton (Gossipium arboreum and G. herbaceaum) for their seed cotton yield, fibre quality and seed oil content

Rakesh Choudhary1*, B. G. Solanki2, Navin Chander Gahtyari1, Tapas Paul3 and D. M. Patel2

1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (UK), INDIA

2Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat- 395007 (Gujarat), INDIA

3 ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Centre, INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail:- agrico.rakesh@gmail.com

Received: November 29, 2015; Revised received: April 30, 2016; Accepted: July 25, 2016

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to assess the expression of per se performance and heterotic effect for fibre quality and seed oil content besides seed cotton yield, studied involving ten desi cotton (Gossipium arboreum and G. herbaceaum) genotypes and their 45 cross combinations in half diallel analysis. F1 hybrids GBhv- 282 x G 27 (67.36%), GBhv- 287 x 824 (58.14%), GBhv- 282 x GAM- 173 (35.00%), GBhv- 286 x G 27 (20.50%), and GBhv- 283 x 824 (18.75%) recorded highest per se performance and significant positive standard heterosis while the maximum heterobeltiosis for seed cotton yield per plant was exhibited by the hybrid GBhv- 287 x 824 (155.60 %) followed by GBhv- 282 x G 27 (151.29%) and GBhv- 282 x GAM- 173 (130.30%). Similar trend of het-erosis for numbers of boll per plant were observed in above hybrids. For fibre quality traits none of the cross showed consistent high performance for all the characters. Cross GBhv- 283 x 824 was exhibited high standard heterosis for 2.5 % span length, fibre strength, fibre elongation percentage as well as for short fibre index (SFI) while cross GBhv- 286 x 824 were promising for 2.5 per cent span length, fibre strength and fibre fineness. In case of oil content intra-arboreum crosses resulted as better crosses and among them cross combination 824 x GAM- 173 was best. Desi cotton hybrids are having lower fibre quality and yield. So, improvement for yield and fibre quality of diploid native varieties through heterosis breeding provided better hybrids for rainfed farming.

Keywords: Diploid, Heterobeltiosis, Heterosis Breeding, Quantitative, Useful heterosis

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Development and storage characteristics of shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) based snack food using extrusion technology

K. G. Baraiya1*, S. M. Zofair1, V. B. Mulye1, S. R. Lende2, R. A. Khileri3, R.M. Kadri4, A. K. Jha4 and M.R. Patel5

1Department of Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology, College of Fisheries, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval-362265 (Gujarat), INDIA

2Department of Aquaculture, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar- 382010 (Gujarat), INDIA

3Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval- 362265 (Gujarat), INDIA

4Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Veraval-362269 (Gujarat), INDIA

5Department of aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313 001(Rajasthan), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: kirenbaraiya011@gmail.com

Received: December 27, 2015; Revised received: May 09, 2016; Accepted: July 25, 2016

Abstract: An attempt was made to develop nutrient rich extruded snacks from lesser utilized protein rich shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) flour using twin screw extruder. The extruded were in order to fried and packed in to High Density Polyethelene (HDPE). The extruded were analyzed for physical, texture profile, proximate composition and sensory characteristics at the interval of 10 days for 50 days of storage (DOS). The experiment shows the physical property like expansion ratio (mm) and texture profile characteristics such as hardness (gmF) and crispiness (gm) were not affected at the end of storage period. Among the different studies, the product made from rice/shrimp T1 based extruded scored as higher as 5 (out of 5) by sensory evaluation for all attributes. Consequently, all the ex-truded were maintained the physical properties, nutritional quality and overall acceptability. This research demon-strated that shrimp flour at 15% can be successfully incorporated for development of extruded were: expansion ratio 3.32, 2.75 and 3.06 (mm), crispiness 291, 252 and 210 (gm), protein 12.69, 18.74 and 15.09 (%), enegy value 540, 489 and 524 (Kcal), TPC 0.36, 0.34 and 0.34 (log cfu/gm) in rice T1, wheat T2 and corn T3 based extruded respec-tively. Overall, the quality assessment of extruded were not changed significantly (P>0.05) throughout study.

Keywords: Extrusion cooking, Quality change, Solenocera crassicornis, Snack food, Storage stability

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Effect of metabolized polyethylene terephthalate, vacuum packaging and storage temperature on shelf life of papaya pulp Kalakand (Indian cookie)

Kartik M. Patel1, Jignesh M. Patel2, Dharmesh C. Patel3, Navin B. Patel4, Jeetendra K. Raval5 and Priti D. Vihol5

1Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sard rushinagar dantiwada agricultural university, Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506 (Gujarat), INDIA

2Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agriculture Univer-sity, Navsari396450 (Gujarat), INDIA

3Veterinary Polytechnic, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari396450 (Gujarat), INDIA

4Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari396450 (Gujarat), INDIA

5Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari– 396450 (Gujarat), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: dr.jams@rediffmail.com

Received: April 12, 2015; Revised received: May 17, 2016; Accepted: July 26, 2016

Abstract: The dairy plants are looking for newer products for diversification and value addition. There is scope for the dairy industry to introduce newer products as healthy, convenience and ready to eat foods for capacity utilization and value addition, but because of complex biochemical composition and high water content, milk and milk products act as an excellent culture medium for growth and multiplication of varieties of microorganisms. Vacuum packaging reduces product shrinkage, trim losses by eliminating oxidation and freezer burn resulting it can enhance product quality. Now a day metabolized polyethylene terephthalate (MET PET) with vacuum packaging have a promising role in storage of various value added milk product. The developed value added Kalakand product (Indian cookie) could be stored successfully for 5 days in MET PET packaging material at 4±1°C and when the product was packaged under vacuum the shelf life increased up to 10 days at 4±1°C.

Keywords: Indian cookie, Kalakand, Metabolized polyethylene terephthalate, Microbiological analysis, Vacuum packaging

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Assessment of insecticides and Cry2AB toxin resistance development in Karnataka population of Plutella xylostella (Linn.)

V. Sunitha1, T. V. K. Singh2 V. Ramesh Babu3 and J. Satyanarayana4

1,4Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad-30 (Telangana), INDIA

2Dean of Agriculture, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 (Telangana), INDIA

3Crop protection Division, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, Barrackpur, Kolkata-700120 (West Bengal), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: vanamsunitha10@gmail.com

Received: June 25, 2015; Revised received: April 07, 2016; Accepted: July 26, 2016

Abstract: Insecticidal resistance studies against third instar larvae of DBM (Plutella xylostella L.) were carried out to know the rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations in Karnataka population. The third instar lar-vae obtained from field were subjected to bioassay studies with tested against acephate, cypermethrin, spinosad, cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin using leaf dip method to calculate LC50 values. The LC50 values of the insec-ticides were further used to quantify the resistance in P. xylostella of parental generation (F0) from Karnataka field population. The survivals from F0 generation were reared to next generation (F1). Resistance development studies was assessed from F1 to F3 generation with third instar larvae in every generation with a concentration that caused 80.00 % mortality for all the test insecticides and Cry2Ab toxin. Results revealed that ((0.17 folds) no re-sistance was developed against acephate in F3 generation. In case of cypermethrin 2.33 folds. Resistance studies further revealed that 1.50 folds resistance was developed against spinosad, 2.28 folds against cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin 1.49 folds resistance was recorded in F3 generation. The rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations increased in all the test insecticides and Cry toxin, except against acephate in Karnataka popu-lation. This data will be useful in the development of insecticide resistance management approach for DBM.

Keywords: DBM, Insecticide Resistance, Karnataka, Toxin

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Effect of spacing, fertilizers and varieties on growth and yield parameters of okra (Abelmoschus esculantus (L.) Moench)

Vikash Kumar1*, S.K. Dhankhar1, Chandanshive Aniket Vilas1, Rajesh Kathwal2 and Neha Yadav1

1Department of Vegetable Science, Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

2Department of Agronomy, Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: vikaskamboj7005@gmail.com

Received: September 26, 2015; Revised received: May 19, 2016; Accepted: July 27, 2016

Abstract: The experiment was conducted during spring summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 conducted at Research Farm of Vegetable Science, CCS HAU, in summer season. There were three spacing, three fertilizer levels and two varieties in split-split plot design with three replications. Growth parameters of okra crop were significantly affected by spacing, fertilizer and varieties. Highest plants were observed in wider spacing with fertilizer application of 187.5 kg N + 75kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O per hectare in variety HBT-49-1. However, numbers of branches were highest in vari-ety Hisar Unnat. Yield attributes like first fruiting node, intermodal length, fruit length and diameter etc. were highest in variety HBT-49-1 resulting in highest fruit yield (q/ha) in spacing 30 cm x 10 cm with the application of 187.5 kg N +75 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O per hectare. The seed yield attributes and yield was significantly affected by spacing, fertil-izer and varieties. Finally, spacing 30 cm × 10 cm resulted in higher growth parameters, yield attributes and yield with the application of 187.5 kg N +75 kg P2O5 + 60 K2O in variety HBT-49-1 of okra.

Keywords: Fertilizer, Okra Spacing, Varieties, Yield

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Partial acidulation of phosphate rock for enhanced phosphorus availability in alluvial soils of Bihar, India

Kasturikasen Beura*, Rajeev Padbhushan1, Amit Kumar Pradhan1 and Nintu Mandal1

Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour-813210 (Bihar), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: beura.kasturi88@gmail.com

Received: October 30, 2015; Revised received: May 08, 2016; Accepted: July 28, 2016

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to fractionate partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) and evaluate its effect on Phosphorus availability in alluvial soils. For this purpose, low grade phosphate rock was collected from Udaipur, Rajasthan and acidulated at different degrees with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (v/v)Results from an incubation study showed that the available fraction of P [Water soluble (WSP) and Citrate soluble (CSP)] increased with in-creasing degree of acidulation. The maximum WSP was obtained at 50% H2SO4 (52.30% of total P) and the maxi-mum CSP was obtained at 80% H2SO4 (49.54% of total P). Dissolution of rock phosphate was the best treatment and found to be at par with that of 60% and 80% but was significantly superior to rest of the treatments. The maxi-mum WSP in the soil samples was obtained after acidulation with 50 %H2SO4 and the maximum Olsen’s P by the 14th day of incubation. An increasing trend was found at initial stages of incubation (7-14 days) with a notable de-crease in the later stages. WSP demonstrated the maximum correlation at 40% dissolution(r = 96* for first order reaction, r =95* for second order reaction) while for Olsen’s P, the maximum correlation was found in initial rock phosphate sample (r =88* for first order reaction, r =94* for second order reaction). Kinetics analysis of the obtained rock phosphate demonstrated that the PARP has more influence on phosphorus release pattern as compared to the inorganic P (SSP).

Keywords: Alluvial soils, Chemical fractions, Incubation study, Partially acidulated phosphate rock, Phosphorus

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Effect of super-optimal levels of fertilizers on soil enzymatic activities during growth stages of wheat crop on an Inceptisol

Rajiv Rakshit1,2*, A.K. Patra1, T.J. Purakayastha1, R.D. Singh1, Shiva Dhar3, Himanshu Pathak4 and Anupam Das2

1Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012 INDIA

2Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural College, BAU, Sabour- 813210, (Bihar), INDIA

3Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110012, INDIA

4CESCRA, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, INDIA

*Corresponding author. E- mail: rajiv.ssaciari@gmail.com

Received: November 09, 2015; Revised received: April 27, 2016; Accepted: July 28, 2016

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to investigate the effect of optimal (100% NPK) to super-optimal doses (200% NPK) of mineral fertilizers on soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase (DHA), acid phosphatase (Ac-PA), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-PA), fluorescien diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), urease and nitrate reductase (NRA) at three physiological stages (CRI, anthesis and maturity) of wheat crop on an Incepti-sol. Dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 28-37% when fertilizer application was at super-optimal dose (200% NPK), whereas, urease and NRA responded positively in the range of 43-44% and 213-231% respectively. Alk-PA was 7.3-7.9% higher in treatments receiving 125% NPK as compared to control (100% NPK); whereas, Ac-PA de-clines in the plots receiving 175 and 200% of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) as compared to 150% NPK lev-els. Addition of 175% RDF increased the FDA to the tune of 46-53% as compared to 100% NPK. A significant (P≤0.05) positive interaction between fertilizer treatments and physiological stages of wheat growth was observed on soil enzyme activities (except urease and NRA) being highest at the anthesis stage of wheat. Correlation matrix analysis showed that DHA was correlated with the studied enzyme activities except Ac-PA and FDA; whereas, strong correlation was observed between urease and NRA (r=0.981, P=0.01). This study provides theoretical and practical base for avoiding super optimal application of fertilisers which hinders the enzyme activities and vis-a-vis sustainable nutrient enrichment under rhizosphere.

Keywords: Physiological stages, Soil enzymes, Super-optimal fertilization, Wheat

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Genetic variability in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) genotypes through inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers

Vivekanand P. Rao1*, Sanjay Singh1, R. Chaudhary1, M. K. Sharma1, R.S. Sengar1, Uma M. Singh2 and Vinay Sharma3

1Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agri-culture & Technology Meerut- 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA

2Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttarakhand), INDIA

3Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University Banasthali- 304 022 (Rajasthan), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: raovivekanand4@gmail.com

Received: November 26, 2015; Revised received: May 10, 2016; Accepted: July 28, 2016

Abstract: In the present study, 14 sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) genotypes were used for genomic diversity analysis based on nineteen inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). These nineteen sets of ISSR markers generated a total of 164 discernible and reproducible bands including 109 polymorphic and 55 monomorphic bands. The un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis revealed three distinct clusters: I, II and III within the 14 genotypes. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value per locus ranged from 0.14 (UBC811) to 0.53 (ISSR1) locus with an average of 0.42 for all loci. The range of genetic distance or coefficient of similarity among sugarcane genotypes varied 0.14 - 0.78. The analysis of these similarities matrix revealed that greater simi-larity between CoS03234 and CoSe1424 (0.78), and lowest similarity between CoS03234 and Co0118 (0.14). The knowledge gained in this study would be useful to future breeding programs for increasing genetic diversity of sugar-cane varieties and cultivars to meet the increasing demand of sugarcane cultivation for sugar and bio energy uses.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker, Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA)

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T. L. Thentu*, D. Dutta, D. Dutta Mudi and A. Saha

Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia (West Bengal), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: tulasiagrico318@gmail.com

Received: December 15, 2015; Revised received: April 23, 2016; Accepted: July 31, 2016

Abstract: Field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyala, Gayespur, West Bengal during winter seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to assess the comparative effectiveness of drip and conventional surface irrigation with and without mulch on growth and yield of broccoli. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design replicated thrice. Main plot treatments consist of four levels of irrigation such as surface irrigation with IW/CPE 1.0 and three drip irrigation at 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 ETc (crop-evapotranspiration), and three mulch levels like no mulch, black polythene mulch and paddy straw mulch @ 5t/ha in sub-plots. The results showed that drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc showed significantly higher (P = 0.05) plant height (45.69 cm), no of leaves plant -1 (17.66), leaf size index (743.99 cm2), plant spread (89.94 cm), curd diameter (14.43 cm) and marketable curd yield (17.82 t ha-1) of broccoli, which was at par with drip at 1.0 ETc. Minimum growth and yield was obtained with drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc in both the years. Similarly, significantly the highest (P = 0.05) plant variables and curd yield was obtained with use of black polythene mulch over paddy straw and no mulch treatments. However, drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc registered maximum water use efficiency of 117.31kg ha-mm-1 and water saving of 38.43%. The interac-tion effect showed that drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc along with black polythene mulch produced significantly higher mar-ketable curd yield. The experimental findings can be recommended for growing high value crop broccoli with water saving drip irrigation at ETc 0.8 along with plastic mulch technology in the water scarce regions of West Bengal.

Keywords: Broccoli, Drip Irrigation, Mulch, Water use efficiency, Yield

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Genetic diversity analysis in Gladiolus genotypes (Gladiolus hybridus Hort)

Archana Bhajantri* and V. S. Patil

Department of Horticulture, Agriculture College Dharwad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005 (Karnataka), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: archana.bb@gmail.com

Received: December 15, 2015; Revised received: May 28, 2016; Accepted: July 31, 2016

Abstract: In the present investigation, thirty gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort) genotypes were assessed to know the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Genetic diversity study indicated that among the 17 characters, most of the flower characters contributed towards diversity. Floret diameter contrib-uted maximum towards genetic divergence followed by number of florets per spike, vase life, spike length and plant height.Thirty genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters and among them, cluster I was the largest with 9 genotypes followed by cluster II having 7 genotypes, and IV cluster 6 and cluster III with 3 genotypes each. Clusters were of V, VII and VIII solitary type means they having only one genotype in their group. Divergence values (D2 value) ranged from zero to 7.97 indicating considerable amount of moderate variability in the material studied. Information generated from the present study would be useful in selection of parents for future breeding programme for flower quality improvement in gladiolus. It is desirable to select genotypes from clusters having high cluster means and also with high flower character like spike length as parents for future recombination breeding programmes.

Keywords: Cluster mean, Genetic divergence, Gladiolus genotypes, Intra and inter cluster

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Piyali Dutta*, Koyel Dey*, Arkendu Ghosh*, Nilesh Bhowmick, Arunava Ghosh**

Department of Pomology and Post-Harvest Technology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar - 736165 (WB), INDIA

**Discipline of agricultural statistics, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar-736165 (WB), INDIA

*Present Address: Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741252 (WB), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E.mail- mithi.rani11@gmail.com

Received: December 16, 2015; Revised received: May 22, 2016; Accepted: July 31, 2016

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post-harvest application of different edible coatings like Chitosan (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%), Guar gum (1%, 1.5%, 2%), Gum tragacanth (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) on shelf life and quality of cv. BAU ber. Fruits of uniform size were harvested at physiological maturity and treated with various edi-ble coatings. Observations were recorded at intervals of 4 days from storage on physiological loss in weight, fruit length, breadth, colour, TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar, acidity, and Ascorbic acid. The results revealed that coat-ing of fruits resulted in reduced loss in fruit weight and higher level of ascorbic acid content, TSS, acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar as compared to the fruits under control. The most effective coating was Guar gum (2%) that ex-tended the shelf life of ber up to 16 days due to its good barrier properties to water and gas. Fruits under control had a shelf life of only10 days.

Keywords: Ber, Chitosan, Guar gum, Gum tragacanth, Shelf life

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Kaushik Chatterjee, C.S. Singh, A.K. Singh, Ashok Kr. Singh and S.K. Singh*

Department of Agronomy, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (Jharkhand), INDIA

*Corresponding author E-mail: sksinghbau@gmail.com

Received: December 21, 2015; Revised received: April 27, 2016; Accepted: July 31, 2016

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 at Ranchi, Jharkhand to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of cultivation. The morpho-physiological analysis of growth and yield in wheat revealed that system of wheat intensification manifested higher total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight resulting in higher grain and straw yield over conventional method of cultivation. The net return and benefit: cost ratio as well as the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash was also recorded significantly higher under system of wheat intensification. Higher fertility level of 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 also significantly improved the plant height, total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Among the wheat cultivars, K 9107 manifested significant improvement in growth attributes at all the growth stages resulting in significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitro-gen, phosphorus and potash than Birsa Gehu 3, HUW 468 and K 0307. Thus it can be concluded that the wheat variety K 9107 fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 under System of Wheat Intensifica-tion may able to boost up the wheat productivity under irrigated ecosystem of Chhotanagpur plateau region, India

Keywords: Crop growth rate, Leaf area index, Net assimilation rate, Relative growth rate, System of wheat intensification

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Insect growth regulatory activities from oils of camphor and clove against Spilosoma obliqua

Priyanka Bhatt* Nitin Thodsare and R.P. Srivastava

Bioactive Plant Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar -263145 (Uttarakhand), INDIA

*Corressponding author. E-mail: bhattpriyanka18j@gmail.com

Received: August 26, 2015; Revised received: May 25, 2016; Accepted: August 02, 2016

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and growth regulatory activities of clove oil, Syzygium aromaticum and camphor oil, Cinammomum camphora against Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua. The fourth instar larvae were subjected to topical application by microapplicator syringe with doses of 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 μl/larva. Camphor oil was most effective at 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5μl dose causing death of larvae ranging from 76-90%. It showed a strong growth regulatory activity with no adult emergence at the highest concentration. Clove oil was effective in reducing adult moth population to 27% at highest dose of 2.5 μl. Only this dose could cause lar-val mortality of about 60%. The study shows potential of these oils to be utilized as insecticides or antibiosis mecha-nism to suppress the population of S. obliqua.

Keywords: Botanicals, Camphor oil, Clove oil, Growth Regulatory Activity, Spilosoma obliqua

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Growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of winter popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) as influenced by planting time fertility level and plant population under late sown condition

S. K. Singh1*, R. N. Singh2 U. S. Ram3 and M. K. Singh

Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi– 221005 (Uttar Pradesh), INDIA

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pampoli - 790102 (Arunachal Pradesh), INDIA

*Corresponding Author. E-mail: rupanksha.231302@gmail.com

Received: September 29, 2015; Revised received: May 24, 2016; Accepted: August 02, 2016

Abstract: The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications, assigning in 27 treatment com-binations i.e. three sowing dates of Pop corn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) cv. V.L. Amber (15 Dec, 30 Dec and 15 Jan) arranged in main plots and three level of plant population (60000, 80000 and 100,000 plants ha-1) in sub plot. Three level of fertility (100:50:50, 150:65:65 and 200:85:85 kg of N: P2O5: K2O ha-1) apportioned in sub-sub plots at the Re-search farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.) during late winter (rabi) seasons of 2009-10 and 2010- 11 to study the influenced of planting time, fertility level and plant population on yield attributes, grain yield and eco-nomics of winter popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) under late sown condition. The popcorn sown on 15th December recorded highest plant height, leaf-area index, dry matter, popcorn growth rate, yield attributes and yield of pop corn were significantly (P<0.05) affected and recorded highest benefit cost ratio (3.78). While, the maintenance of 80,000 popcorn plants/ha proved optimum for pop corn as it significantly (P<0.05) recorded highest number of kernel cob-1, grain yield (32.61 q/ha) and shelling percentage against density of 60,000 plants, while remained at par in straw yield over 100,000 plants. Application of 200: 85: 85 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha significantly (P<0.05) increased growth, yield attributes and grain yield over 100: 50: 50 and 150: 65: 65 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha and fetched the highest B: C ratio (3.14).

Keywords: Economics, Fertility level, Planting time, Plant population, Popcorn yield

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Three decades of using of gypsum under sodic water irrigation in coarse textured soils

P. K. Yadav1, M. K. Jat1, Abha Tikkoo1, S. S. Yadav1 and S. K. Sharma2

1Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal-123501 (Haryana), INDIA

2Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail. mukesh.rca@gmail.com

Received: December 04, 2015; Revised received: May 12, 2016; Accepted: August 03, 2016

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the long term use of sodic waters and gypsum on physico-chemical properties of coarse textured loamy sand soil. The study consisted of three natural occurring underground sodic waters and amendment gypsum in various cropping systems. The results demonstrated that sodic water irrigation significantly de-creased infiltration rate (1.46 & 1.09 cm hr-1) and soil porosity (35.66 & 33.26 %) and increased soil strength (17.49 & 17.67 kg cm-1), pH (9.52 & 9.66), exchangeable sodium percentage (48.00 & 55.00), sodium adsorption ratio (45.14 & 54.10 (mmol/l)1/2) and calcium carbonate content (2.15 & 2.44 %). The gypsum application significantly improved infiltration rate (2.20 cm hr-1) and soil porosity (38.7 %) and reduced soil strength (16.74 kg cm-1), soil pH (9.35) exchangeable sodium percentage (39.00), sodium adsorption ratio (36.93 (mmol/l)1/2) over a period of thirty years. A significant CaCO3 build up in soil was also observed with gypsum application (3.28 % 4.56 %) as compared to its content at the start of study. Thus, it is con-cluded that in coarse textured soils of North west India, sodic waters up to RSC 12.0 me l-1 could safely be used crop production in combination with gypsum in loamy sand soil without any adverse effect on the physico-chemical charac-teristics of soil.

Growth and yield of transplanted rice as affected by different cultivars and weed management practices

Sunil Mandi1*, Eajaz Ahmad Dar2, Ashim Datta3, Ram Pratap Singh4, Manoj Kumar Singh4

1Central Tobacco Research Institute, Research Station, Dinhata, Cooch Behar-736135 (West Bengal), INDIA

2 Department of Agronomy, PAU- Ludhiana-141004 (Punjab), INDIA

3Division of Soil and Crop Management, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana), INDIA

4Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.) INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: mandi.sunil@gmail.com

Received: December 15, 2015; Revised received: June 17, 2016; Accepted: August 05, 2016

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the competitive ability of rice cultivars in different weed manage-ment practices in transplanted rice. Five cultivars viz. BPT-5204, Malviya 36, HUBR2-1, Swarna and Adamchini were tested for three weed management practices viz. Hand weeding, Bispyribac-sodium@25g ha-1 and Weedy check. Among the different cultivars tested, the Swarna proved to be the best selection in producing higher grain (4.6 t ha-1) and straw yield (5 t ha-1) as well as harvest index (44.4%) due to more no. of tillers hill-1, dry matter accumulation, no. of panicles hill-1, no. of grains/panicle and test weight (20.3 g). The grain and straw yield in Swarna were 130 and 43% higher than the lowest yielding cultivar Adamchini respectively. The best weed control was achieved by hand weeding thrice at 25, 55 and 85 DAT. The grain yield was 58 and 27 % higher through hand weeding than that of weedy check and Bispyribac-sodium applied treatment, respectively. To examine the perform-ance of different rice cultivars in terms of growth and yield potential, evaluation of these cultivars is necessary with different weed management practices. Therefore, release of best weed suppressive rice cultivars for the farmers is important for improving the productivity as well as reduced cost of production for feeding the ever growing population of the country in the year to come.

Effect of foliar application of zinc and salicylic acid on growth, flowering and chemical constitute of African marigold cv. pusa narangi gainda (Targets erecta L.)

A. Choudhary, A. Mishra*, P. K. Bola, S. K. Moond and M. Dhayal

Department of Floriculture and Landscaping College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar, Kota -326023 (Rajasthan), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: Ashokchoudhary116@gmail.com

Received: January 04, 2016; Revised received: June 02, 2016; Accepted: August 05, 2016

Abstract: A field experiment on African marigold (Targets erecta L.) was conducted during winter season of 2014- 15to study the foliar effect of Zn and SA of 20 treatment combinations having five concentrations of zinc (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 %) and salicylic acid (0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mM/L).The treatmentZn4SA3 (Zinc 1% + Salicylic acid 1.0 mM/L) recorded the maximum plant height (77.41 cm), number of leaves per plant (314.10),earliest first flower bud appearance (39.78 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (62.33), maximum chlorophyll content (3.83mg/g) and maximum carotene content (3.07 mg/g)as compared to control where it was recorded mini-mum.These results are conclusive that foliar spraying with zinc 1.0% + salicylic acid 1.0 mM/L may positively in-creasedthe growth and flowering parametersof marigold.

Keywords: African marigold, Pusa narangi gainda, Salicylic acid, Zinc

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Heterosis for yield and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Showkat A. Waza*, Hemant K. Jaiswal, T. Sravan, Dilruba A. Bano, Kumari Priyanka and Umesh

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: sahmad777@gmail.com

Received: December 27, 2015; Revised received: June 19, 2016; Accepted: August 08, 2016

Abstract: Twenty F1 hybrids from three CMS lines and eight pollen parents were evaluated to study the heterosis for various yield and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The findings suggested that the magnitude of heterosis differed from character to character and cross to cross. Majority of the hybrids recorded desirable heterosis for grain yield. Among the rice hybrids exhibiting high heterosis for grain yield, IR-68897A x Pusa Sugandh-3, IR-58025A x HUR-JM-59221 and IR-58025A x Pusa Sugandh-5 were top performers. The hybrid, IR-68897A x Pusa Sugandh-3 recorded highest yield per plant, and was among the best three performers for traits, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and number of effective tillers per plant. Thus, IR-68897A x Pusa Sugandh-3 may be considered as the best heterotic combination for yield and yield traits. Among the three high yielding hybrids, IR-58025A x Pusa Su-gandh-5 was found to be relatively better performing for majority of the quality traits. Thus, IR-58025A x Pusa Su-gandh-5 may be considered as the best cross combination if both yield and quality traits are taken into consideration.

Keywords: Cross combination, Heterosis, Quality, Rice, Yield

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M. Ashraf Ahangar*, Z. A. Bhat, F. A. Sheikh, Z. A. Dar, Ajaz A. Lone, K. S. Hooda and Malik Reyaz

Mountain Crop Research Station, Sagam, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir -191121 (J&K), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: mashrafjs@gmail.com

Received: January 01, 2016; Revised received: May 22, 2016; Accepted: August 08, 2016

Abstract: Turcicum leaf blight of maize incited by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs is the major limiting factor of maize production in temperate agro-ecologies. Disease management through host plant resistance is the most effective strategy. In the present study among 26 maize genotypes which were initially screened for re-sistance against E. turcicum under field conditions, 8 genotypes viz., PS 39, CML 451, CML 470, CML 472, VL 1030, VL 1018140, VL1018527 and SMI178-1 were found resistant when screened against twelve isolates of E. turcicum under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Eight genotypes viz., PS45, CML165, CML459, VL1249, VL0536, SMC-5, SMC-3 and KDL 211 were found moderately resistant with disease grade ranged from 2.1-2.5. These maize genotypes possess resistance to turcicum leaf blight can be used successfully in developing high yielding early maturing varieties for high altitude temperate agro-ecologies. The fungus E. turcicum is highly variable in nature. Variability studies on pathogenicity were conducted on twelve isolates of E. turcicum on eleven putative differential maize lines. During the present study a wide pathogenic variation was observed among the twelve isolates of E. turcicum. Cluster analysis on the basis of similarity or dissimilarity in reaction types exhibited by the differential hosts, clustered the isolates into 6 pathogenic groups. The isolates belonged to higher altitudes (Kti 10, Kti11, Kti5) were found to be more aggressive as compared to the isolates of low altitude areas.

Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum, Maize, TLB resistance, Variability

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Preparation, acceptability and quality evaluation of fermented fish product Mowa shidal prepared from the Mola carplet (Amblypharyngodon mola, Hamilton, 1822)

Bipul Kumar Kakati1*, Armaan Ullah Muzaddadi2 and Umesh Ch. Goswami3

1Department of Fishery Engineering & Technology, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, Raha, Nagaon-782 103 (Assam), INDIA

2ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), ICAR, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab), INDIA

3Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781 014 (Assam), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: bkkakati@gmail.com

Received: January 25, 2016; Revised received: June 24, 2016; Accepted: August 08, 2016

Abstract: Mowa shidal was prepared from sundried Amblypharyngodon mola by the traditional fermentation process at ambient temperature, maintaining all possible hygienic conditions. Biochemical, microbiological and sensory qualities at the different stages of fermentation of Mowa shidal was monitored. The product was perfectly matured after 120 days of fermentation showing the characteristic shidal smell and a moist and sticky surface. The fermentation process did not show any significant effect (P>0.05) on the proximate composition. The product had a high nutritional quality. The protein and ash content of the sample were recorded to be 31.28-31.70% and 9.95-11.11%, respectively and pH showed 5.8-6.5 in 180 days of fermentation. The physicochemical analysis revealed that the fer-mented product was of acceptable quality. The TPC of Mowa shidal was 5.86 log cfu/g in the first month of fermentation and it reached 4.82 log cfu/g after 120 days. The counts gradually decreased with the increasing duration of fermentation. Most of the isolate was found to be Staphylococcus aureus. After the second month of fermentation S. aureus reached 54% of total count and might play an important role in the fermentation process. Pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp. and E. coli were absent, which indicate good sanitary practice during processing. Thus, the good quality shidal can be produced from A. mola with a high nutritional quality and consumer acceptability.

Keywords: Acceptability, Amblypharyngodon mola, Fermentation, Mowa Shidal, Preparation, Quality evaluation

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Influence of nitrogen on guttation fluid and development of bacterial blight of rice

R. Kiran*, M. S. Hunjan and P. P. Singh

Department of Plant pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004 (Punjab), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: paurajkiran@gmail.com

Received: May 31, 2015; Revised received: June 02, 2016; Accepted: August 11, 2016

Abstract: Bacterial blight disease of rice is major constraint in rice cultivation. This disease is influenced by prevailing weather conditions, rice physiology and nutrition. The experiment was carried out to assess the role of nitroge-nous fertilizer on development of bacterial blight disease of rice and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae density in guttation fluid. Disease development increased with increase in nitrogen fertilizer, among four doses of nitrogen tested (control, 36, 54,72 kg urea/acre), disease severity was maximum in the plot supplied with highest dose of nitrogen i.e. 72 kg urea/acre at both seedling (19.3%) and tillering stage (32.4%) at 30 days after inoculation. The highest population density of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (6.02 log cfu/ml) was also recovered in guttation fluid collected from X.oryzaepv. oryzae inoculated plants at tillering stage, from the plots supplied with highest dose (72 kg urea/acre) of nitrogen.Scanning electron microscopic studies also revealed intense colonization by X. oryzae pv. oryzae in rice leaves supplied with high nitrogen dose.

Keywords: Bacterial blight, Guttation, Nitrogen, Rice, Scanning electron microscope

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H. P. Ranjitha1*, R. Paramesh1, H. E. Shashidhar2, N. Amruta1 and S. P. Kiran

1Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru-560065 (Karnataka), INDIA

2Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru-560065 (Karnataka), INDIA

*Corresponding author. Email: ranjuranjitha91@gmail.com

Received: July 12, 2015; Revised received: June 06, 2016; Accepted: August 11, 2016

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of water regimes on seed quality parameters of rice and the was conducted by using factorial randomized complete block design, with two genotypes (BI-33 and Jaya) and two planting methods (Aerobic and Wetland). The resultants seeds were taken to conduct laboratory experiments pertaining to seed quality attributes and the studies revealed that the BI-33 under aerobic condi-tion had shown a significantly higher seed quality with respect to germination (99%), mean seedling length (26.75cm), seedling dry weight (10.42 mg), SVI-I (2648) and SVI-II (1032) , highest total dehydrogenase activity (0.53 OD @ 480nm), highest amylase activity (14.67 %), highest total soluble protein content (7.15%) and re-corded less EC (70.95 μSm-1/ppm). The experimental results revealed that both the genotypes and method of planting contribute for seed quality of the genotypes which were grown under different water regimes. The geno-type grown under aerobic condition was better in seed quality parameters compared to wetland condition.

Keywords: Aerobic rice, Genotypes, Germination seed quality, Water regimes

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Effect of growth regulators and stages of spray on seed yield and seed quality parameters of ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb) L.]

Sondarva*, Jyoti, N. B. Patel and J. B. Patel

Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh -362001 (Gujarat), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: sondarvajyoti6568@gmail.com

Received: September 22, 2015; Revised received: June 17, 2016; Accepted: August 12, 2016

Abstract: The experiment was undertaken to study the influence of different growth regulators on seed yield and seed quality parameters in ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb) L.]. There were 30 treatment combinations comprising of two factors; plant growth stage as main plot treatment, and plant growth regulators as sub plot treatment em-bedded in a split plot design. The results indicated that significantly the highest average fruit weight (32.76 g), matured fruit yield per plant (65.84 g), 100 seed weight (13.41 g) and seed yield per plant (12.79 g) was recorded with spraying of 500 ppm ethereal, whereas significantly the maximum fruit length (20.89 cm) and fruit diameter (5.15 cm) with 25 ppm GA3. Significantly the highest seed germination (69.22 %) was recorded with spraying of 250 ppm ethereal, while application of NAA at 50 ppm recorded significantly the highest vigour index I (2737.85) and vigour index II (5029.33). Spraying of PGR at two to four leaf stage recorded the higher fruit length (20.19 cm), fruit yield per plant (47.49 g), 100 seed weight (13.18 g) and seed yield per plant (11.98 g) as well as highest germination (60.90%), vigour index I (2460.80) and vigour index II (4377.66). It is concluded that spraying of 500 ppm etherel at two to four leaf stage increased the higher fruit length, fruit yield per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant as well as highest germination, vigour index I and vigour index II.

Keywords: Growth stages, Growth regulators, Ridge gourd

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Dynamics of top-down factors with relation to ecological attributes of an endangered species Commiphora wightii

R. N. Kulloli*, Manish Mathur and Suresh Kumar

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003 (Rajasthan), INDIA

*Corresponding author. Email: r.kulloli@gmail.com

Received: September 11, 2015; Revised received: July 18, 2016; Accepted: July 12, 2016

Abstract: Present study was aimed to explore the influence of top down factors on ecological attributes of Commi-phora wightii collected from seven districts of arid and semi arid parts of the Rajasthan. Ecological variables in respect of 46 accessions of this species were quantified. To assess the explanatory factors governing quantified ecological variables, soil samples were collected to analyze soil texture, soil EC, pH, available potassium, available phosphorus and total soil nitrogen. Results showed that there was a specific relationship between soil variables and oc-curence of C. wightii. The mid ranges of potassium (200-300 kg/ha) emerged as favourable to have better density and health of C. wightii: This is the first report on regulatory role of potassium on distribution and occurrence of C. wightii.

Keywords: Commiphora wightii, Distribution, Population, Principal component analysis, Soil variables

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Optimization of culture conditions for high frequency in vitro shoot multiplication in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

M. K. Sharma1*, R. S. Sengar1, P. Chand2, R. Singh3, S. Gupta4, M. K. Yadav1 and A. Singh1

1Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, 2Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, 3Department of Plant Pathology, 4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P.), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: manojmeerut94@gmail.com

Received: November 29, 2015; Revised received: May 24, 2016; Accepted: August 14, 2016

Abstract: Present study deals with the optimization of various culture conditions for initiating high frequency in vitro shoot multiplication in two early maturing high yielding sugarcane genotypes namely Co98014 & Co89003. On the behalf of the findings of this study, it was concluded that the temperature, photoperiod and culture media pH affected the frequency of in vitro shoot multiplication in both sugarcane genotypes at a significant level. In both geno-types high frequency shoot multiplication was recorded at growth room temperature 25ºC, 16h/8h light/dark photo-period and culture media pH 6.0. Genotype Co89003 exhibited highest shoot regeneration and multiplication under various culture conditions. The present study suggests the necessity of investigation of these culture conditions separately upon individual sugarcane genotypes prior to develop efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol for commercial purposes.

Exploitation of combining ability and heterosis for development of maize hybrids for tarai region of Uttarakhand

Manjeet Kumar*, S. S. Verma, Meenakshi Uniyal, Anupam Barh and N.K. Singh

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263145 (Uttarakhand), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: manjeetbhu615@gmail.com

Received: December 21, 2015; Revised received: June 21, 2016; Accepted: August 14, 2016

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out with fifty six genotypes involving 10 parents, their 45 F1s hybrids and one check hybrid in tarai region of Uttarakhand. The presence of more amount of variance due to SCA effects than GCA effects in our experimental material indicated that heterosis breeding is better choice. The good general combiners were P1, P3 and P4 for ear length; P8 for ear diameter; P5 and P8 for number of kernel rows per ear; P1 and P4 for number of kernels per row, P8 and P9 for100-kernel weight and P5 for grain yield, which can be utilized directly or indirectly in breeding programme. The best eight specific combiners for grain yield were P1xP8, P4xP10, P7xP8, P5xP8, P5xP9, P4xP9, P1xP2 and P5xP10 involving average x average, good x average, good x poor and average x poor parental combinations of generalcombining ability indicating the presence of non-additive gene action. The nine crosses, P1xP2, P1 xP5, P1xP8, P4xP9, P4xP10, P5 xP8, P5xP9, P5xP10 and P7xP8 had positive significant per cent heterosis for grain yield, and crosses namely P1xP4, P1xP5 and P1xP8 for ear length; P1xP3 and P1xP5 for number of kernels per row and P1xP8 and P9x P10 for 100-kernel weight were having positive significant per cent heterosis at 1% and/or 5% level of significance for respective traits. The crosses, P1xP2, P1xP8, P4xP9 andP7xP8 manifested high SCA effects along with excellent standard heterosis and per se performance for grain yield and also for most of the studied char-acters, therefore, classified as potential hybrids.

Keywords: Combining ability, Maize, Per se performance, Standard heterosis

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Diversity analysis of maize inbred lines using DIVA-GIS under temperate ecologies

Z. A. Dar, A. A. Lone, N. Sunil*, N. Sivaraj**, G. Zafar, M. I. Makdoomi, Asima Gazal, B. A. Elahi, G Ali, M. Habib and M. A.Wani

Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Budgam, SKUAST-K-190025 (J&K), INDIA

*Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR- IIMR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, INDIA

** National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500030, INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: zahoorpbg@gmail.com

Received: December 21, 2015; Revised received: June 09, 2016; Accepted: August 14, 2016

Abstract: The vagaries of Climate Change variability need to be addressed and as climatic conditions change at particular experimental sites and maize producing regions, mega-environment assignments will need to be re-assessed to guide breeders to appropriate new germplasm and target environments . The development of improved germplasm to meet the needs of future generations in light of climate change and population growth is of the up-most importance. Evaluation of the inbred lines from diverse ecosystems would be effective for production of lines with resilience towards climate variability. Hence, with this objective diverse set of inbred lines sourced from all over India were characterized and were evaluated with DIVA-GIS for diversity analysis of maize inbred lines. Grid maps generated for these maize inbred lines for eleven quantitative traits indicated that these lines can be sourced from North and South India. High Shannon diversity index with maximum range of 2.17-3.0, 2.25-3.0, 2.36-3.0, 2.4-4.0, 2.0- 3.0, and 2.2-3.0 were recorded for the traits viz; plant height, ear height, grain weight, grain yield, kernel row and protein content respectively indicating the high response of these traits to ecosystem. However, inbred lines were found to be diverse for all the traits except for ears plant-1 (EPP) and they have been sourced from Northern and Southern parts of India while for EPP recorded less diversity index range of 0.4-1.0 indicating source from South India. Interestingly, less diverse inbred lines for all the eleven quantitative traits have been sourced from Indo-gangetic plains as indicated in diversity grid maps. Maximum diversity indices were recorded for anthesis silking interval (ASI), days to silking, days to tasseling, which are in the range of 0.97-2.0, 1.528-2.0, 1.516-2.0 and 1.528- 2.0 respectively. Hence, DIVA-GIS enabled identification of diverse sources from varied ecosystems which can be used for developing improved lines/ cultivars with greater resilience towards climate change.

Keywords: Diversity, DIVA-GIS, Grid maps, Maize, Shannon diversity index

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Efficacy of anthranilic insecticide E2Y45 20 SC (Chlorantraniliprole) against Plutella xylostella L. in cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata

Sudhendu Sharma1*, Ravinder Singh2 and C. K. Gill1

1Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), INDIA

2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: sudendhu@pau.edu

Received: January 13, 2016; Revised received: May 21, 2016; Accepted: August 15, 2016

Abstract: Experiments were conducted at farmer’s cabbage fields to evaluate the bioefficacy of anthranilic insecti-cide i.e. E2Y45 20 SC (Chlorantraniliprole) having novel mode of action against the diamondback moth Plutella xy-lostella L. E2Y45 20 SC was applied @ 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 ml/ha and was compared with Padan 50 SP (cartap hydrochloride) @ 500 g/ha and the untreated control. Lowest mean larval population after two sprays was recorded in higher dose of E2Y 45 20 SC i.e. @ 50.0 ml/ha (0.08 larvae/plant) at 7 days after treatment followed by medium and lower dose of E2Y 45 20 SC i.e. @ 37.5ml/ha (0.10 larvae/plant) and 25.0 ml/ha (0.33 larvae/plant). The larval population in these treatments was significantly lower than standard check, Padan 50 SP (2.56 larvae/plant), and untreated control (9.73 larvae/plant). The highest marketable yield (262.89 q/ha) was recorded in E2Y 45 20 SC @ 50.0 ml/ha which was significantly higher than Padan 50 SP (239.65 q/ha). Lowest yields were recorded in untreated control (106.00 q/ha). Conclusively, medium (37.5 ml/ha) and higher (50.0 ml/ha) dose of E2Y 45 20 SC (chlorantraniliprole) significantly reduced the larval population of P. xylostella and increased the cabbage yield.

Keywords: Cabbage, Chlorantraniliprole, Efficacy, Plutella xylostella

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A uniformity trial on Indian mustard for determination of optimum size and shape of blocks

Mujahid Khan1*, Ramesh Chander Hasija2, Des Raj Aneja3 and Manish Kumar Sharma4

1Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

2Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

3Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA

4Division of Statistics and Computer Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, Jammu-180009 (J&K), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: mkhanstat@gmail.com

Received: January 13, 2016; Revised received: June 03, 2016; Accepted: August 16, 2016

Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum block size with the shape for field research experi-ments. A uniform crop of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) variety RH-749 was raised during 2013-14 rabi season over an area of 48m × 48m (2304 basic units) at Research Farm of Oilseed section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. The harvesting of crop was done in small units each of size lm × lm (1m2). The blocks of sizes 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 plots with various shapes, for different plot sizes were considered. The coefficient of variation (CV) decreased from 10.66 to 3.89 with the increase in block size from 4 to 24 , indicat-ing that as the block size increased, homogeneity within the block also increases and the blocks elongated in E-W direction were more effective in reducing error variation than those elongated in N-S direction. It was also observed that C.V. without blocking (20.04) was much higher in comparison with the C.V. with blocking (3.89), thus indicating that blocking was beneficial in reducing error variation. The 24 plot blocks were found to be most efficient with 12m × 2m block shape. Rectangular blocks are also advisable either when the experimenter does not have any idea about the fertility pattern of the experimental area or when border effects are large.

Keywords: Blocking, Efficiency, Optimum block size, Optimum block shape, Uniformity trial

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Arti Verma*, Sonia Sood and Yudhvir Singh

Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur- 176062 (H.P.), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: verma.arti104@gmail.com

Received: February 08, 2016; Revised received: May 30, 2016; Accepted: August 18, 2016

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to identify desirable parents and F1 hybrids in okra by involving eight diverse parents in a diallel mating design excluding reciprocals. Genotypes i.e., P-20 and VRO-4 for earliness; 9801 for first fruit producing node (-0.085), internodal length (-0.659) and fruit length (0.201); HU for average fruit weight (0.603); Tulsi-I for nodes per plant (0.429), fruit length (0.271) and plant height (12.068) were found good general combiners appeared to be worthy of exploitation in future breeding. It is suggested that involving these lines, new genotypes may be developed through multiple crossing for isolating high yielding varieties. The cross combina-tions VRO-4 × HU, Tulsi-I × SKBS-11, P-20 × Tulsi-I and P-8 × Tulsi-I showed high SCA effects as well as per se performance for yield per plant. The crosses showing high SCA effects and per se performance for yield per plant suggested that these hybrids may be exploited in further breeding programme.

Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, Combining ability, Diallel analysis, Okra

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Molecular screening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes for resistance alleles against important biotic stresses

Pallavi Neha1, Shashank Shekhar Solankey1, Lajja Vati2 and Tirthartha Chattopadhyay2*

1Department of Horticulture (Vegetables and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur - 813210 (Bihar), INDIA

2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210 (Bihar), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: tirthartha@gmail.com

Received: December 22, 2015; Revised received: June 28, 2016; Accepted: August 25, 2106

Abstract: Molecular markers are vastly used as tool for screening of disease resistant/tolerant plant genotypes in early stage of growth in an environment-independent manner. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the major biotic stresses like tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Fusarium wilt, tomato spotted wilt virus and root knot nematode cause severe crop loss. Recently, DNA based molecular markers for the screening of resistance alleles for the above-mentioned diseases have been reported in tomato. In the present study, a total of eighteen tomato genotypes have been screened for the presence of possible resistance alleles, using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) molecular markers. Resistance allele-specific bands for Fusarium wilt disease, tomato spotted wilt disease and partial resistance allele-specifc band for root knot disease have been identified in some of the genotypes used in the present study. However, none of the genotypes was found to contain Ty3 resistance allele-specific band for resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl disease. Thus, possible resistance sources have been identified for three out of the four biotic stresses, mentioned earlier. Thus, the present study has screened the 18 tomato genotypes at mo-lecular level for presence of resistance alleles for biotic stress, which might be further evaluated and explored in future tomato breeding programmes, targeting biotic stress resistance in tomato. At the same time, the study docu-ments the applicability of molecular markers for rapid disease screening in tomato in an environment independent manner.

Keywords: Fusarium wilt, Root knot disease, Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), Tomato

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Effect of partial replacement of fishmeal with Eichhornia crassipes on growth and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) juveniles

M. R. Patel1*, K. H. Vadher1, R. R. Mer1, K. G. Baraiya2 and K. V. Tandel1

1Department of Aquaculture, College of fisheries, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval-362265 (Gujarat), INDIA

2Department of Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology, College of Fisheries, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval-362 265 (Gujarat), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: mika.patel9@gmail.com

Received: December 29, 2015; Revised received: June 28, 2016; Accepted: August 27, 2016

Abstract: The objective of the study was to find out the effect of partial replacement of fish meal in the diet of Labeo rohita juveniles. In this experiment, the data pertaining to growth, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, protein effi-ciency ratio of L. rohita at partial replacement of fishmeal with E. crassipes were evaluated. For that purpose fry of approximately equal weight (57.97mg ± 1.25) were distributed in groups of 15 to each four aquaria at 0% (T1), 10% (T2), 20% (T3), 30% (T4) and 40% (T5) inclusion levels of aquatic macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes. Maximum mean weight gain (235.25 ± 11.04 mg) was observed in T1 and minimum (165.06 ± 10.93 mg) was observed in T5 at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments tested, the highest survival (89.99% ± 1.93) was recorded in treatment T1 and minimum was found in T4 (79.99% ± 2.72). Lowest FCR was recorded in treatment T3 (2.02 ± 0.39) and highest was found in T5 (3.08 ± 0.59). Higher SGR was observed in treatment T1 (297.15 ± 18.78%) and minimum was observed in T5 (182.74 ± 18.45%). The study revealed a decrease in the growth performance indices as the percentage of water hyacinth increases. In present study also there was not much difference in growth rate upto 20% incorporation of E. crassipes in the diet. Also, significant difference was observed among treatments with respect to feed utilization (P<0.05).

Keywords: Feed conversion ratio, Fish meal, Growth performance, Labeo rohita, Water hyacinth

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Optimization of SSF parameters for natural red pigment production from Penicillium purpurogenum using cassava waste by central composite design

C. Padmapriya* and R. Murugesan

Dept. of Agric. Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641003 (Tamil Nadu), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: agri.padma@gmail.com

Received: January 13, 2016; Revised received: July 12, 2016; Accepted: August 27, 2016

Abstract: Pencillium purpurogenum 8904.12, a red pigment producer, was isolated from soil screened and selected based on the pigment production. The pigment production by P.purpurogenum was optimizedby using factorial design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in SSF. Cassava waste is a low cost and nutrient rich substrate used in this study as a substrate. RSM based central composite design was employed to obtain best combination of substrate concentration, inoculum volume, incubation time, initial moisture and initial pH. By the point prediction tool of Design-Expert 8.0, the optimum values of the factors for maximum red pigment production were determined. Under the optimized conditions (substrate concentration 10 g, inoculum volume 5 ml, 15 days incubation time, 50 % initial moisture and initial pH of 6), the red pigment yield was 28.33 colour value units / g of dry fermented substrate which agreed closely with the predicted yield. The model showed that the value of R2 (0.9936) was high and p-value of interaction of variance was <0.0001. Hence the model can be said to be of highly significant. A significant Increase in red pigment production was achieved using RSM. Thus, utilization of cassava waste for red pigment production in this study could provide the most effective use of cassava resource, and lead to technology of development for its further utilization and value addition.

Keywords: Cassava waste, Penicillium purpurogenum, Red pigment, Response surface methodology, Solid state fermentation

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Impact of climate change on hydrology of Manjalar sub basin of river Vaigai in Tamil Nadu, India

S. Janapriya*1, S. Santhana Bosu2 and Balaji Kannan3

*1Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Manakkadavu, Pollachi-642103 (Tamil Nadu), INDIA

2&3Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641003 (Tamil Nadu), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: jans.priya@gmail.com

Received: January 13, 2016; Revised received: June 28, 2016; Accepted: August 27, 2016

Abstract: This study evaluates the impacts of possible future climate change scenarios on the hydrology of the catchment area of the Manjalar sub basin of River Vaigai, Tamil Nadu, India carried out at the department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University during the period of 2011-2014 using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). For the climate impact assessment the hydrological model was driven with output of bias corrected Earth System Models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5): HadGEM2. Climate scenarios were down scaled to a grid resolution of 0.22° x 0.22°. In this study RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were included for future assessment with three future periods: 2012–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2098. The projected increase in maximum and minimum temperature for RCP 4.5 scenario is 0.8 to 2.3 ºC and 0.7 to 1.6 ºC and for RCP 8.5 scenario is 1.1 to 4.0 ºC and 1.0 to 3.1 ºC, respectively. Rainfall is projected to an increase be-tween 9.2 to 15.2 per cent for RCP 4.5 scenario and an increase of 13.6 to 18.8 per cent for RCP 8.5 scenario during 21st century. The soil water storage and stream flow contribution to ground water are likely to increase in RCP 4.5 scenario and it would again decline for RCP 8.5 scenario during 21st century. The increase in annual rainfall evapotranspiration and surface runoff would be more in RCP 8.5 scenario compared to RCP 4.5 scenario. The possible changes projected by the study provide a useful input to effective planning of water resources of the study area.

Keywords: Climate change impacts, Hydrologic model, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenario, Surface runoff

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Assessment of the effects of land use pattern on distribution of sulphur fractions in soil

Dhaneshwar Padhan1*, A. K. Pradhan2, Mahasweta Chakraborty1 and Arup Sen1

1Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia- 741235(West Bengal), INDIA

2Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur- 813210(Bihar), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: dhaneshwar.padhan@rediffmail.com

Received: September 12, 2015; Revised received: July 04, 2016; Accepted: August 27, 2016

Abstract: In the present investigation, various forms of sulphur (S) viz., total S, organic S, inorganic S and available S were estimated in soils under four different land uses viz., Rice-rice, rice-green gram, mango orchard and a fallow. Soils samples were taken up to a profile depth of 0.60m at 3 depths i.e. 0-0.20m, 0.20-0.40m and 0.40-0.60m. The soils were found to be slightly acidic to moderately acidic in reaction (5.83-6.59), showing an increase along the depth irrespective of the land use pattern. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content (mean 5.5 gkg-1) was found well above the low level of SOC in soils. Calcium carbonate content, bulk density and clay content of soils didn’t maintain any definite pattern along the depth. All forms of S were found to decrease along depth irrespective of the land use patterns. The available S content ranged from 12.2 to 21.4mgkg-1 of soils. The relative preponderance of all the forms of S followed the order: mango orchard> fallow> rice-rice> rice-green gram. On an average organic S and available S fractions constituted 93 and 6 per cent of total S respectively. A correlation matrix revealed that all the forms of S maintained a significant positive correlation with SOC content while a negative correlation with pH of the soils. The results of the study will be useful in managing the different fractions of S in soils in order to maintain its availability well above the critical level.

Keywords: Available S, Bulk density, Forms of S, Land use, SOC

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Effect of dietary zinc on the growth and metabolic enzyme activities of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) fry

Kaustubh Bhagawati1*, N. K. Chadha1, Debajit Sarma3, M. S. Akhtar3, Paramita B. Sawant1 and Simanku Borah2

1Division of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Versova, Mumbai – 400061 (Maharastra), INDIA

2Division of Fisheries Resource Management, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Versova, Mumbai – 400061 (Maharastra), INDIA

3Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research Bhimtal, Nainital- 263136 (Uttarakhand), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: kaustabh.bhagawati@gmail.com

Received: October 20, 2015; Revised received: July 11, 2016; Accepted: August 08, 2016

Abstract: The golden mahseer (Tor putitora) is an important and high valued sport and food fish of national and international importance. Therefore for promotion of golden mahseer, proper mineral supplementation in early developmental stages is very important. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary zinc on growth, survival and physiological response of Tor putitora fry. One thousand eight hundred fry (avg.wt 54.35±3.09 mg) were randomly distributed into 6 treatment groups with triplicates each. Six iso-nitrogenous (40±0.02% to 41.44±0.01% crude protein) semi-purified diets were prepared with graded levels of dietary zinc. Zinc sulphate was added as the dietary zinc source to the basal diet. The results indicated that specific growth rate (SGR) was of value 2.52 ±0.23 gm of T. putitora fry which increased with dietary zinc levels up to a concentration of 40 mg Zn Kg-1 in diet. The zinc dependent metabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes was also observed to be highest in groups supplemented with 40 mg zinc/kg feed. The overall results of the present study suggest the efficacy of dietary zinc on growth, survival and physiological response of golden mahseer fry in order to garner the possibility of establishing the species to commercial aquaculture.

Keywords: Isonitrogenous, Metabolic enzymes, Specific growth rate, Tor putitora

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Variable survival ability of rhizobacteria in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) rhizosphere

Anurag Yadav* and Kusum Yadav2

Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Science & Humanities, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar - 385 506 (Gujarat), INDIA

2Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007(Uttar Pradesh), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: anuragyadav123@gmail.com

Received: December 18, 2014; Revised received: June 06, 2016; Accepted: August 28, 2016

Abstract: A study was undertaken to compare the survival efficacy of two native, previously characterized bacterial biovars viz. Bacillus subtilis BCU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PCU17 with Bacillus subtilis strain MTCC1789 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MTCC4828, procured from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India in cumin rhizosphere and bulk soil. All the four bacterial types were made rifampicin resistant and the mutants were applied as inoculants at the dosage of 6 log, 7 log and 8 log colony forming units (cfu) g-1 dry soil weight in pots containing cumin seedlings. The cfu of rhizosphere and bulk soil of pots was observed per week for four weeks. The results show that the initial population decline is a common feature of bioinoculants. In rhizosphere and bulk soil, the native bacterial biovars survived better than their procured counterparts. The population of P. fluorescens strain MTCC4828r in rhizosphere soil declined faster and reached below detection limit whereas the P. fluorescens biovar PCUr rhizosphere final population dropped to 3.1 log, 2.9 log and 2.13 log cfu g-1 soil dry weight with 8 log, 7 log and 6 log cfu g-1 soil dry weight inoculum treatment, respectively. In contrast to P. fluorescens strain MTCC4828r, the population of B. subtilis strain MTCC1789r stabilized after some decline and was comparable with B. subtilis biovar BCU5 population. Study concludes that the inoculant population decline in soil was the result of lower microbial load carrying capacity of soil than the provided inoculum densities. Also, the native bacteria survived better than procured ones in rhizosphere soil.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, Cumin, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobacteria, Rhizosphere, Survival

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Influence of sowing dates and nitrogen levels on growth, yield and quality of scented rice cv. Pusa Sugandh-3 in Kashmir valley

Sheeraz Ahmad Wani1*, Sameera Qayoom1, Mohammad Amin Bhat2, Bilal Ahmad Lone1, Aijaz Nazir1

1Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar-190025 (J&K), INDIA

2Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125004 (Haryana), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: sheerazwani2@gmail.com

Received: January 13, 2016; Revised received: June 08, 2016; Accepted: August 30, 2016

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out to determine the optimum sowing date and nitrogen (N) level for the scented rice cv. Pusa Sugandh-3. Twelve treatment combinations of 3 sowing dates, viz., 15th, 16th and 18th standard meteorological week (SMW) at an interval of 10 days and 4 nitrogen levels (‘0’, ‘40’, ‘60’ and ‘80’ kg N ha -1) were tested randomized in split plot design with three replications. Significant highest plant height (98.56 cm), tillers m-2 (333.41), dry matter (98.38 q ha-1), panicles m-2 (310.05), spikelets panicle-1(130.25) and grains panicle-1 (98.55), grain yield (45.2 q ha-1), harvest index (41.20 %), head rice recovery (47.5 %) and B:C ratio (3.03) were recorded for the early sown 15th SMW crop. Among the different nitrogen levels tested significant highest plant height (98.12 cm), tillers m-2 (342.33) dry matter (100.68 q ha-1), panicles m-2 (321.83), spikelets panicle-1(132.83) grains panicle-1 (96.79), grain yield (48.0 q ha-1), harvest index (42.68 %), head rice recovery (44.54 %) and B:C ratio (3.38) were recorded with the application of 80 kg N ha-1.Therefore, the variety, Pusa Sugandh-3 should be sown earlier in season from 15th to 16th SMW and with nitrogen application of 60-80 kg N ha-1 for realizing economically higher grain yield and profit under the temperate climatic conditions of Kashmir valley.

Keywords: Grain yield, Head rice, Nitrogen levels, Pusa Sugandh- 3, Sowing dates

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Seed traits, germination pattern and seedling vigour in Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch., a rare plant species of Western ghats

A. B. Mirgal1, Rajesh P. Gunaga2*, and C. B. Salunkhe3

1College of Forestry, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415712 (Maharashtra), INDIA

2College of Forestry, ACHF, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450 (Gujarat), INDIA

3Krishna Mahavidyalaya, Rethare Bk., Karad-415108 (Maharashtra), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: rpgunaga@gmail.com

Received: March 08, 2015; Revised received: July 01, 2016; Accepted: August 30, 2016

Abstract: Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. is one of the species of ecological importance distributed in Western Ghats and other parts. This species is considered as one of the threatened species and it needs conservation. The information on fruit and seed trait variation and germination attributes are scanty. Such database is useful for affore-station programme as well as for augmentation of rare plant species in their natural habitat. For the present study, 10 open pollinated trees distributed in Devade forest of Sakharpa were marked. April month was the peak fruiting period and healthy fruits were collected from the ground. Fruit and seed traits were found to be varied significantly among trees, where fruit length ranged from 21.50 to 24.71 mm and fruit weight ranged from 3.64 to 4.07 g. Similarly, seeds length (14.01 -15.09 mm), seed thickness (12.15 -13.04 mm) and seed weight (1.20 – 1.57g) also showed significant variation among 10 trees. Field observation showed that there was a poor regeneration in this species at studied site. Therefore, germination study was conducted at nursery condition by imposing several pre-treatments. Among eight treatments including control, soaking seeds in water for 24 hrs (T2) resulted in better germination of 38.0% as compared to others. In T2 seed germination started at 16 days after sowing and completed within 42 days. Potting mixture of red soil with saw dust in 30:70 ratio improved seed germination about 20 % as compared to red soil media.

Keywords: Antiaris toxicaria, Conservation, Germination, Seed traits, Seedling vigour

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An overview of potential multipurpose agroforestry tree species, Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels in India

S. Sarvade* D.S. Gautam, S. Bhalawe and P. K. Bisen

College of Agriculture, Balaghat- 481 331, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E-mail: somanath553@gmail.com

Received: September 22, 2015; Revised received: March 26, 2016; Accepted: July 05, 2016

Abstract: Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.) Skeels is evergreen MPTs (Multipurpose Tree species) widely grown in traditional agroforestry systems (agri-silviculture and agri-horticulture) of India, except very dry areas. It produces excellent nutritious fruits, which contains carbohydrates, dietary fibre, fat, protein, vitamins like B1, B2, B3, B6 and C with trace minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium). The seed and bark is used to control dysentery and hyperglycaemia, and in diabetic patients. Leaves of the Jamun are used in strengthening the teeth and gums, whereas fruits used in relief for colic, stomach-ache and enlarged spleen. It may accelerate work towards food security through extra food production from degraded and waste areas. The species is widely used for reclamation of salt affected soils and waterlogged areas. Their contribution in environmental conservation through biomass production and carbon sequestration processes. It also helps in conserving biodiversity in traditional agro-forestry systems and natural forest areas.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Biomass production and Carbon sequestration, Food security, Jamun, MPTs, Salt affected soils, Traditional agroforestry systems

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Banded leaf and sheath blight: A menacing disease of maize (Zea mays L.) and its management

Sorabh Chaudhary*1, Sushma Sagar1, Akash Tomar2, R. S. Sengar1 and Mukesh Kumar1

1Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, S.V.P. University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110 (Uttar Pradesh), INDIA

2Department of Recombination Techniques, College of Biotechnology, S.V.P. University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110 (Uttar Pradesh), INDIA

*Corresponding author. E- mail: sorabh.gene@gmail.com

Received: November 20, 2015; Revised received: April 30, 2016; Accepted: July 18, 2016

Abstract: Maize (Zea mays L.) crop is attacked by number of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, out of which banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) caused by anastomosis group 1-IA of Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Exner. is one of the most widespread and destructive disease of maize in Southeast Asian countries. The occurrence of this disease has also been reported from other parts of the world, which causes significant yield loss up to 100%. R. solani can survive in the soil for several years and able to infect plants belonging to more than 32 families, including many economically important monocots and dicots plants. The severity of the disease favoured by humid weather with temperature around 28°C, poses challenge to maize growers due to its soil borne nature and lack of resistance cultivars. It is indicated that none of the disease management approaches are effective against BLSB. Banded leaf and sheath blight is difficult to control through either fungicide or crop rotation alone. A number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling BLSB have been identified that would help the development of maize hybrids resistance to this disease. Management of BLSB requires an integrated approach based on the knowledge of each stage of the disease and molecular aspect of maize defence responses against R. solani. Mention conclusion statement and novelty of the work. The present review summarizes consolidated information on distribution, yield loss, symptoms, pathogen life cycle, epidemiology, genetic structure of the pathogen population, molecular aspect of pathogenicity and its integrated management through cultural, biological, chemical and genetic means. The consolidated knowl-edge presented in this review should help better disease management and reduce crop yield loss due to banded leaf and sheath blight pathogen.

Keywords: Banded leaf and sheath blight, Biological control, Genetic variability, Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii, Zea mays

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